10 June 2023, Volume 45 Issue 3

    

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• Research Papers
• Observation and diagnostic analysis of "20210427"sea fog process in Qingdao offshore

  SHI Xiaomeng, SUN Baitang, LIU Xueying, LIU Shuxiao

  2023, 45(3): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.001

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  This paper uses the ERA5 grid point data of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, as well as sounding and automatic station observation data, to observe and diagnose a sea fog process that occurred in Qingdao offshore on April 27, 2021. Before the occurrence of the sea fog, the rainfall in the Huanghuai and Jianghuai regions provided abundant water vapor for the surface atmosphere. With the change of the surface wind direction to the southwest wind, the warm and humid air flowed from the northeast of Jiangsu to the offshore of Qingdao under the action of the offshore wind, and generates advection cooling fog when encountering the cold sea surface. Analysis of sounding data shows that there are two temperature inversion layers in this process. Sea fog is generated under a lower temperature inversion layer, and the fog layer is thinner. There are low clouds below the upper inversion layer, and the height continues to decrease due to the weak subsidence movement. The existence of strong southwest warm and humid air flow in the lower layer, coupled with the slow development and movement of cold air, and the relatively stable circulation situation on the sea surface make the sea fog maintain for a long time and with the influence of Northwest air flow, the fog layer dissipates.
• Hydrodynamic characteristics analysis of parallelized-arranged cylinders with different rounded radii under symmetric flow

  YU Dingyong, ZHAO Yi, KANG Xiao

  2023, 45(3): 7-16. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.002

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  In order to study the dynamic characteristics of the flow around the parallelized-arranged cylinders with different rounded radii when the vortex shedding is symmetric flow, this paper simulated the three-dimensional flow around cylinders with 3 spacing ratios and 5 different rounded radii under the Reynolds number of 3900 by using Fluent software and the method of Large Eddy. After the effective verification of the model, the changes of the instantaneous flow field, the time averaged flow field and the hydrodynamic parameters were obtained and analyzed. The results showed that with the increase of the rounded radii, the stability of the shear layer of the parallelized-arranged cylinders was gradually enhanced with different R⁺. The instantaneous velocity fluctuation range and intensity after the cylinders in x direction and y direction were larger than other cylinders with R⁺=0.1; the average drag coefficient and the root mean square of the lift coefficient of the cylinders were the minimum with R⁺=0.4. The results could be used as a reference for relevant engineering design to select cylinders with an appropriate rounded radii according to different influencing factors.
• Analysis of precipitation in Shandong caused by typhoon Lekima

  SUN Yawen, FU Di, WANG Bin, SUN Jilin, SHI Xiaomeng

  2023, 45(3): 17-22. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.003

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  The precipitation in Shandong caused by super typhoon Lekima in 2019 were analyzed. The starting mechanism of the precipitation was explored by using reanalysis data of ERA5 provided by the ECMWF. The results were as follows: the precipitation system in Shandong caused by Lekima was formed by the development of deep convection, and the movement direction of the precipitation was caused by the moisture convergence zone moving to the northwest. In early stage of the precipitation, pressure ridge was strengthened to form the upper-level jet stream by upper-level warm advection. The northern part of Shandong was located at the right side of upper-level jet stream entrance area corresponding to the strong divergence area. Sufficient water vapor was provided by the southeasterly winds in the lower troposphere, and then the water vapor rose to form rainfall. With the movement of the precipitation, the convergence area in the lower layer and the divergence area in the upper layer were overlapped and developed into deep convection. Then the precipitation was intensified. The long-term maintenance of the divergence area in the upper layer was the main reason for a long time precipitation.
• Numerical simulation of artificial fish reefs for keeping beach and promoting siltation under wave action

  YU Xida, SHI Bing, CONG Xiaohong, GAO Feng

  2023, 45(3): 23-30. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.004

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  It is of great significance to study the characteristics of the convection field and the evolution of sediment under the action of artificial reefs with the action of waves. Using the boundary wave method of Flow-3D software, a three-dimensional numerical wave flume was established in this paper based on Stokes wave theory, and it was verified by experimental data. The results showed that the upwelling and vortex currents under the action of waves could occur around the reef. The location of the reef had little effect on the location of the scouring pit. The location of the scouring pit was greatly affected by the water level, which was basically symmetrically distributed along the water surface line. The coastal erosion was closely related to the relative distance. Within a certain distance, the amount of erosion increased as the distance from the shore decreased,and decreased as the reducing of the relative water depth of the reef top.
• Anesthesia effect of clove oil on juvenile Nibea albiflora

  WANG Xiaolong, LI Li, JIAN Yuxia, GAO Fengxiang, WANG Xue, GUO Wen, HU Fawen

  2023, 45(3): 31-37. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.005

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  The damage on fish could be reduced and survival rate of fish could be increased by using anesthesia in the processes of transportation and manual operation. The anesthetic effect of clove oil on juvenile Nibea albiflora with the body weight of 83.3±7.8 g was investigated in this study. At 16±0.5 ℃ (water temperature), the juvenile fish were anesthetized with clove oil at 12 concentrations varying between 10 and 120 mg/L, and fish in natural sea water were used as the control. The anesthesia process was divided into 6 periods, and recovery process is classified into 4 periods depending on the behavioral characteristics of fish. The results showed that the anesthesia process can reach to stage 4 (anesthesia stage) when the concentration of clove oil is ≥30 mg/L, and will become faster with the increase of concentration of clove oil, shorter than 3 min when the concentration is ≥ 50 mg/L. The recovery time became longer with the increase of the concentration of clove oil, but always less than 5 min. The respiratory frequency of juvenile fish was determined, which may sustain 1~2 min after anesthesia process, and even reaching to stage 4. The results showed that respiratory frequency decreases with the increase of clove oil concentration on the whole. Thereinto, the decreasing trend of respiratory frequency was not obvious when concentration ranged from 30 to 60 mg/L, and will decrease significantly when the concentration was ≥ 70 mg/L. The experimental results of air exposure after deep anesthesia showed that recovery time is shortened and the recovery rate remains at 100% with the extension of air exposure time in 3~6 min. But the recovery time increased and the recovery rate decreased gradually when air exposure time was ≥ 7 min. The results showed that clove oil is an effective anesthetic drug for N. albiflora. It holds the advantages of short anesthesia and recovery times and high recovery rate. The concentration of clove oil suggested ranged form 50 to 60 mg/L, and the manual operation time under anesthesia should not exceed 6 min for fish in similar sizes.
• Dynamic simulation study and multi-scenario simulation of coral reef ecosystem based on environmental stress

  ZHOU Tengyu, WANG Geng, DONG Rui, DING Dewen

  2023, 45(3): 38-47. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.006

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  Taking Xisha ecological monitoring area as an example, the multiple feedback effects of coral reef ecosystem and environmental changes were analyzed. The system dynamics method was used to construct a dynamic model of the Xisha coral reef ecosystem. The four environmental factors were selected including the eruption of crown-of-thorns starfish, ocean temperature, ocean pH and terrestrial deposition. The basic simulation, single-factor disturbance, double-factor disturbance, and multi-factor disturbance were set up. The overall evolution process of Xisha coral reef ecosystem was investigated. The results showed that: (1) The system dynamics simulation and diagnosis of the feedback mechanism of the Xisha coral reef ecosystem provided a feasible method for analyzing the overall evolution process of the coral reef ecosystem; (2) The basic scenario simulation showed that the external conditions remained unchanged under the circumstances, and the average annual decline rate of coral area in the past 40 years was 4.8%, and the coral reefs were at a risk of degradation; (3) When the three environmental control factors of sea temperature, sea pH, and terrestrial sediment were superimposed, the single removal of crown-of-thorns starfish could reverse the Xisha coral reef. The ecosystem degradation trend was not obvious. On the basis of effective implementation of the removal of long thorn starfish, the three major environmental stress factors of sea temperature, sea pH and terrestrial sediment should be considered comprehensively to jointly protect and repair the damaged coral reefs of Xisha; (4) The degradation rate and scale of the coral reef ecosystem under multi-factor disturbance were far greater than the single with factor disturbance and two-factor disturbance, and the system evolution was more complicated. The research results provided a reference for the dynamic evolution of coral reef ecosystem and lay the foundation for subsequent diagnosis and restoration of coral reef ecosystem.
• Allelopathic effect of Oocystis borgei on Microcystis aeruginosa

  WANG Xiaoqian, HUANG Xianghu, LI Changling, ZHANG Yulei, LUO Guoling, WANG Xinyu, ZHANG Ning

  2023, 45(3): 48-55. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.007

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  Oocystis borgei is a benefic green alga that can maintain water stability. In this study, a co-culture method was used to explore the competition between O. borgei and Microcystis aeruginosa, a harmful cyanobacteria, and a filtrate culture method was used to study the allelopathy of O. borgei on M. aeruginosa. The results showed that O. bogei effectively inhibits the growth of M. aeruginosa (p <0.05) while M. aeruginosa had a lesser inhibitory effect on O. bogei than O. bogei on M. aeruginosa. Under the stress of O. bogei filtrate, the growth of M. aeruginosa was significantly inhibited (p <0.05) and its chlorophyll a content stopped to accumulate simultaneously with its SOD activity which increased first and decreased then, and its MDA content which continuously increased. In addition, its cellular ultrastructure was completely destroyed as was observed under transmission electron microscope. From our findings, it can be inferred that O. bogei induces M. aeruginosa to produce excessive oxygen free radicals, destroys its cell membrane and antioxidant enzyme and photosynthetic systems, thus inhibits its growth finally.
• The effect of abnormal ambient temperature on podocyst reproduction of Rhopilema esculentum

  WU Meiyi, ZHANG Chuanye, LI Meng, YOU Kui, YIN Boyu, HAN Xuezhi, MA Caihua, WANG Shaojun

  2023, 45(3): 56-62. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.008

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  In order to exploit the possibility of asexual reproduction and breeding of Rhopilema esculentum, increase the stocks number of polyps and improve the podocyst reproduction efficiency of R. esculentum, we used 30 ℃ (high temperature, HT) as the control and studied the effect of two different temperature treatments, variation treatment (VT) and loop variation treatment (LVT), on the podocyst reproduction of R. esculentum. The results showed that the ratio of podocyst production (RPP) is 0.396±0.038 ind./d, 0.060±0.015 ind./d in HT and VT groups, respectively. The RPP of HT is 6.6 times of that of VT. The RPP is 0.204±0.027 ind./d, 0.183±0.027 ind./d in HT and LVT groups, respectively. The RPP of HT is slightly higher than that of LVT. The ratio of podocyst excyst (RPE) in this study is not too high and the highest RPE is 10.8% in HT, indicating that the stocks number of polyps may be increased to some extent. Compared with temperature decreasing treatment (TD) and temperature increasing treatment (TI) below 30 ℃, the HT about 30 ℃ increased the RPP of R. esculentum 5.6 times and significantly improved the podocyst reproduction efficiency and the stocks number of R. esculentum’s polyps. We found that proper high temperature treatment can significantly improve the podocyst reproduction efficiency of R. esculentum. It is perspective to be an effective way to increase the stocks number amount of R. esculentum’s polyps.
• Studies on productive artificial breeding technology of northern Crassostrea ariakensis

  ZOU Duo, LI Haikun, GAO Chengqian, LI Chunhua, LI Qi, YU Ruihai

  2023, 45(3): 63-68. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.009

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  By raising the temperature to promote gonad maturation, and shade - dry stimulating, oyster C. ariakensis from the estuary of Weifang was induced to reproduce. The promoting maturation cultivation of the brood stock was carried out at 22~23 ℃, 25~26 ℃ and 28~29 ℃, respectively. The results showed that the best ripening effect was achieved at 22~23 ℃, and the survival rate of brood stock was up to 85%. By controlling the density of larvae, feeding fresh unpolluted single-celled algae and using other scientific management methods, the larvae rapidly grew to 300 μm. Upon the eyespot larvae appear, scallop shells were dropped to collect the seedlings. The metamorphosis rate of eyespot larvae reached 16.0%. At the end, more than 384 million spat with shell height above 0.4 mm were obtained. The seedling output was 24.0×104 ind. /m³, and 960×104 each piece. We met success in artificial breeding of northern C. ariakensis, and laid a solid foundation for the restoration of its resource.
• Research Report
• Secondary productivity of macrobenthos in Changli Gold Coast National Nature Reserve and its influencing factors

  YANG Yue, WANG Hanji, CUI Ze, YU Yang, ZHU Haoran, LIU Xianbin

  2023, 45(3): 69-75. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.010

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  Based on the data of macrobenthos collected in previous investigations in Changli Gold Coast National Nature Reserve in spring and summer, 2018 and 2019, the secondary production and its relationship with environmental factors were analyzed. A total of 119 species and 83 species of macrobenthos were identified in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The average habitat density was 1 514.38 ind./m² and 1 444.24 ind./m² while the average biomass was 78.96 g/m² and 205.22 g/m², respectively. The average annual secondary production was 1.23 g(AFDW)/(m²·a) in 2018, which increased to 3.68 g(AFDW)/(m²·a) in 2019. Correlation analysis showed that the median grain size and dissolved oxygen are the main factors affecting secondary production. According to Brey empirical formula, the secondary production of the whole reserve was estimated to be 1 424.75 t (wet weight) in 2018 and 4 262.67 t (wet weight) in 2019.
• Dynamic evaluation of island sustainability based on the principal component method and entropy method ——a case study of Zhoushan, Zhejiang province

  LI Yujie, ZHAO Sheng

  2023, 45(3): 76-81. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.011

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  The study of island environmental sustainability is important to promote the economic development of island cities and the balanced development of environment and resources, but there is no suitable and widely used method to evaluate island sustainability. Based on the existing sustainable development ideas, combined with the status of island ecological environment, this paper selected indicators from four aspects of economy, ecology, society and resources to construct the evaluation model of island sustainable development. The principal component analysis method was used to comprehensively analyze the ecological environment evaluation index of Zhoushan island in Zhejiang province, and the entropy method was used to calculate the weight value of each evaluation index. The sustainable status of Zhoushan islands from 2003 to 2017 was evaluated dynamically. The results showed that the overall sustainability of Zhoushan was constantly improving, and the sustainable score had increased from - 5.28 in 2003 to 7.02 in 2017, which was mainly due to the continuous improvement of Zhoushan's economic development, and the economic composition was the key factor affecting the sustainable situation.
• Evaluation of heavy metals pollution in seawater, marine sediments and marine organisms in Hailing island areas, Guangdong

  LUO Manhua, XIAO Kai, LI Hailong, LIN Debei

  2023, 45(3): 82-90. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.012

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  Based on two seasonal field surveys of seawater, marine sediments and marine organisms in autumn 2017 and spring 2018 in Hailing island, Guangdong, the distribution characteristics of marine organisms and their pollution degree of heavy metals were investigated using the methods of single factor index and enrichment factor analysis in marine organisms. Results showed that there were three main types of marine organisms in Hailing island areas, including fishes, crustaceans and cephalopod, and their specie number was sorted as fishes>crustaceans>cephalopod. The total number of fishes in spring was greater than that in autumn, but it was on the contrary for the crustaceans. The cephalopod did not show temporal variations. The pollution degree of heavy metals in seawater and sediments were lower than in marine organisms. The heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb) in seawater except Zn and sediments fell within the National Seawater Quality Standard I and Marine Sediment Quality I, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in the marine organisms in spring were greater than that in autumn, and the heavy metals of marine organisms in crustaceans were greater than that in fishes. The pollution degree of heavy metals in crustaceans sorted as Cd>Cu>Pb>Hg in spring and Cd>Cu>Hg>Pb in autumn. The average enrichment capacity of heavy metals was higher in crustaceans than that in fishes. The enrichment capacity of heavy metals for crustaceans sorted as Cd>Cu>Hg>Zn>Pb in two seasons. The enrichment capacity of heavy metals for fishes sorted as Hg>Zn>Cd>Cu>Pb in spring and Hg>Cu>Zn>Cd>Pb in autumn.
• Analysis of temporal and spatial changes of coastal tidal flat utilization in Guangxi based on RS and GIS

  QIN Luyan, CAO Qingxian, LIU Li, LI Yan

  2023, 45(3): 91-97. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.013

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  Based on Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, the two phases of remote sensing images in 2008 and 2014 were interpreted. The coastal tidal flat utilization data of Guangxi in 2008 and 2014 were extracted to analyze the current status and spatial changes. The results showed that the area of coastal beaches, swamps, mangroves, and aquaculture ponds were decreased, but the area of industrial land, idle land, port and wharf land, highway land, recreational land and urban residential land were increased from 2008 to 2014. The overall spatial distribution of coastal tidal flat utilization types in Guangxi did not change much, but it showed greater changes in local areas from 2008 to 2014.
• Dynamic evolution analysis of the tidal flat in the Shanghai section of the north shore of Hangzhou bay based on CA-Markov model

  LAO Guodong, HAN Zhen, ZHANG Bin, LIU Lizhi

  2023, 45(3): 98-107. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.014

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  The analysis and research on the use of tidal flats in the Shanghai section of the north shore of Hangzhou Bay and the change of landscape pattern are of great significance to the sustainable use of the coastal zone in Shanghai. The remote sensing data of GF-1 satellite was used to extract the tidal flats information and to analyze the dynamic changes in the area on the north shore of Hangzhou Bay in 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2019. On this basis, the CA-Markov model was used to predict the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the tidal flats in the study area in 2021, 2023, and 2025, and the extended Kappa coefficient was used for accuracy assessment. The results showed that the tidal flats areas in 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2019 were 8.894 km², 9.592 km², 10.731 km² and 9.230 km² respectively, and the area increased by 3.78% in 6 years. The tidal flats in Pudong district were deposited; the tidal flats in Fengxian district were slightly scoured; the tidal flats in Jinshan district were greatly reduced due to human engineering. The predicted tidal flats areas in 2021, 2023, and 2025 would be 8.125 km², 9.533 km² and 10.148 km², respectively. The tidal flats in Pudong district could silt up year by year; the tidal flats in Fengxian district could be eroded. The tidal flats in Jinshan district could be gradually decreased.
• Description of phytoplankton community structure of northern South China Sea in summer, 2019

  YAN Yantao, BAI Jie, YANG Shimin

  2023, 45(3): 108-115. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.015

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  In summer, 2019, the phytoplankton at 9 stations in the northern part of South China Sea (20 °~22 °N, 118 °~119 ° E) was collected with layered water sampling method at the depths of 0, 30, 75, 100, 150 and 200 m, respectively, and characterized in community structure. The characterized included, for example, phytoplankton species composition, cell abundance and diversity index. In total, 210 species of phytoplankton in 3 phyla and 70 genera were detected, which included 113 species in 40 genera of diatom, 96 species of 29 genera in Dinophyta, and 1 species of 1 genus in Chrysophyta. The average cell abundance of phytoplankton was 20.33 × 10³ cells/L. Among the identified species, the abundance of diatom varied between 2.21 and 171.13 × 10³ cells/L with an average of 19.10 × 10³ cells/L, accounting for 93.97 % of the total. The cell abundance of dinoflagellate varied between 0.04 and 5.92×10³ cells/L with an average of 1.22 × 10³ cells/L, accounting for 5.98 % of the total. The horizontal distribution showed an increasing trend from south to north and from west to east. In vertical distribution, at 75 m water layer, the highest cell abundance was found, which varied between 11.84 and 172.28×10³ cells/L, which was followed by that at 100 m water layer where the abundance varied between 6.36 and 35.28×10³ cells/L. The abundance at 0 m (3.84~12.64×10³ cells/L ) and 30 m (3.64~15.80×10³ cells/L ) was similar while that at 200 m was obviously higher low (2.24~6.28×10³ cells/L). Such abundance distribution was closely related to the stratification of tropical and subtropical waters. In this study, 0.020 dominance was selected as the limit, following which, The dominant species were all diatoms, and the main dominant species was Thalassionema nitzschioides with a dominance of 0.063. The remaining dominant species were Coscinodiscus subtilis, Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima, Nitzschia longissima and Chaetoceros constrictus. Through diversity index and evenness analyses, it was found that the northeastern part of the surveyed sea area was more stable and richer in species. Compared with the historical data of similar sea areas, the cell abundance was higher and the species were more abundant.
• Analysis on the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics ofwater quality in Kaidu river

  LI Ruxia, Dilinuer·Aji, Saimire·Tuoheti, WANG Xiaolan, ZHANG Min

  2023, 45(3): 116-123. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.016

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  In order to explore the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the Kaidu river water quality, the principal component analysis method was used to analyze the water temperature, turbidity, pH value, EC, DO, NH₃-N, TP, TN and other water quality indicators in the river in June and October 2021. Conduct research was used to identify the environmental factors that dominated changes in water quality. The results showed that the spatial and temporal distribution of water quality in Kaidu river was obviously different. The overall water quality was good. Most of the water quality indicators at the sampling points were in class II water standard, and the TN, NH₃-N and TP indicators at some sampling points were in class III water standard; TN, water temperature and NH₃-N were the dominant factors of water quality change in the study area. There was a significant positive correlation among the three environmental factors. Spatially, the water pollution degree of Kaidu river was downstream>upstream>midstream. The degree of water pollution in the season was summer>autumn. The leading factors for water quality changes in summer were water temperature, NH₃-N, TN and TP, and the leading factors for water quality changes in autumn were pH and EC.
• Impact of ocean farm on water quality of Yellow Sea

  DING Chao

  2023, 45(3): 124-130. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.017

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  The single factor indexing, comprehensive pollution indexing and principal component analyzing methods were used to evaluate the water quality of 29 monitoring stations in the studying area basing on the measured water quality parameters in combination with the spatial distribution of the aquaculture area and the hydrodynamic conditions. The results showed that aquaculture activity has a significant impact on the water quality, and the fluctuation tide has a strong flow exchange capacity. On the whole, the water quality meets the national aquaculture standards near Neptune Nine Island area, Dalian. However, for the long-term and healthy development of the sea area, it is absolutely necessary to prevent water pollution in aquaculture areas and plan fishery and aquaculture activities reasonably and scientifically.
• Distribution characteristics of marine litter and macrobenthic community in sand beach of Zhoushan Marine Special Reserve

  JIN Jinglin, BIAN Jiaying, CAI Liping, HUANG Conghui, YU Jiantao

  2023, 45(3): 131-137. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.018

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  In March, 2021, a specific survey on the distribution of marine litter and macrobenthic community was carried out on 11 sand beaches of two Zhoushan Marine Special Reserves. The surveyed included the distribution of marine litter, macrobenthic community composition and diversity index. The results showed that the density of marine litter ranged from 66,471 /km² to 1,100,000/km² and the average density was 385,374 /km², the average weight ranged from 16.18 kg/m² to 3,955.79 kg/km² with an average of 1,488 kg/m². The density of marine litter in 6 sand beaches was higher than the national average, and the main types of the marine litter were small and medium-sized polystyrene foam and plastic. Under the influence of the tourism development and the marine litter, the living environment of macrobenthos in the sand beaches of the reserve deteriorated. The resources of macrobenthos in the sand beaches were scarce and the species, density, biomass and diversity index were generally low. The results provided a technical basis for litter control and benthic resource restoration in Zhoushan Marine Special Reserve and have scientific guiding significance for the sustainable development of the sand beach resources in the reserve.
• Distribution and influencing factors of zooplankton in Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea in summer, 2013

  LIU Yingchao, LI Haoran, CHEN Hongju, LIU Guangxing, ZHUANG Yunyun

  2023, 45(3): 138-146. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.019

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  Based on a large-scale survey conducted in Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea from June to July, 2013, we studied the composition, abundance, dominant species and biodiversity of zooplankton, as well as the relationship between zooplankton abundance and environmental factors. A total of 87 zooplankton taxa were identified, 80 in southern Yellow Sea, 33 in northern Yellow Sea and 49 in Bohai Sea. Copepods and pelagic larvae were the dominant components in the surveyed sea areas. The average zooplankton abundance was the highest in Bohai Sea (1,737.8 ind·m^-3), which was followed by that in northern Yellow Sea (1,079.5 ind·m^-3) and southern Yellow Sea (699.0 ind·m^-3). There were 7 dominant zooplankton species in the sea area. Among thethe dominant species, the shared in three sea areas were Paracalanus parvus, Calanus sinicus and Sagitta crassa. According to Spearman correlation analysis, the bottom seawater temperature was the most important environmental factor affecting the abundance distribution of all dominant species. Our results will provide basic data for further characterization of zooplankton distribution and its response to marine environmental changes in the costal seawaters of China.
• Research Review
• In vivo distribution of microplastics in marine animals

  WANG Yaxin, GONG Yi, CHEN Xinjun, XU Chao

  2023, 45(3): 147-154. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.020

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  The ecological impacts of microplastic pollution have world. Their small size and wide distribution make them highly bioavailable marine animals, either through direct ingestion or indirectly by trophic transfer from contaminated preymay pose a great threat to marine animals from different trophic levelsmicroplastic pollution of marine animals and their distribution in vivo have drawincreasing attention. In this , after summarizing the developments and current status of the studies of microplastics in marine animals, in vivo distribution of microplastics in fish, crustaceans, crustaceans, shellfish and cephalopods and their spatial-temporal heterogeneity were reviewed, and the issues needed to be solved in this field and several directions for further research were presented. provide useful implications for evaluating the impact of microplastic pollution on marine animals and sampling design and pretreatment of related studies.
• Research progresses in invasion ecology of exotic species Spartina alterniflora

  LIU Qian, LI Yuanyuan, WANG Ping, ZHOU Zhongyuan, WANG You, ZHOU Bin

  2023, 45(3): 155-163. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.021

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  Biological invasion largely threatens ecological security. It is one of the leading causes for the loss of global biodiversity. A typical invasive plant in the coastal wetland in China, Spartina alterniflora, was introduced into China from Atlantic coast of America in order to promote siltation and buffer tides. When bring huge economic benefits to the coastal areas of China, this plant sowed a serious negative impact on local ecosystem. It is important to study the invasion mechanism and ecological effects of Spartina. In this review, we first summarize the invasion history and distribution status of S. alterniflora, and then analyzed its competition with other plants, and adaptability in abiotic environment bases on the biological characteristics of S. alterniflora. The potential invasion mechanism of S. alterniflora is also analyzed. The analyzed included also the ecological effects of S. alterniflora in the coastal wetlands of China, and its impacts on biodiversity, material circulation process of ecosystem, wetland habitat and ecological economy. We summarize the current research progresses of prevention and control measures and prospect for future research directions. Under the background of future environmental changes, it is recommended to strengthen the research on responses and adaptations of S. alterniflora to environmental changes, the evaluation of invasion ecological effects, invasion control, rational utilization and others, so as to provide new ideas for future research, control and utilization of S. alterniflora in the coastal areas of China.
• Progresses in algal calcification

  SUN Lin, QIN Song, LIU Zhengyi, ZHAO Hui

  2023, 45(3): 164-171. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.022

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  Algal calcification is one of the main forms of biological calcification and an important component of calcification productivity. Calcification is currently known to exist in some species of both microalgae and macroalgae, and involve four sequential steps including (i) CO₂ concentration, (ii) Ca²⁺ aggregation, (iii) CO₃^2- enrichment and ultimately, and (iv) CaCO₃ deposition by ionic bonding between Ca²⁺ and CO₃². However, due to differences in morphology and physiology, microalgae and macroalgae have unique characteristics of calcification. In this review article, we summarized the four main steps and the key mechanism of algal calcification by the model species Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Corallina and Coccolithophores are separately taken as models to compare and summarize the calcification process and mechanism of calcification processes in macroalgae and microalgae. Based on the above analyses, calcified algae have great application potentials in the fields of carbon sink fisheries, blue carbon, and nanomaterials.
• Adaptation mechanisms of Ulva prolifera floating ecotype to complex adversity

  SUN Ping, SONG Wanlin, LI Jingjing, ZHUANG Longchuan, LIU Zhengyi, ZHONG Zhihai

  2023, 45(3): 172-179. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.023

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  Ulvaprolifera is a green intertidal macroalga. Since 1970s, the floating phenomenon of U. prolifera has been finding in sea areas around the world. Floating U. prolifera has appeared in the western part of Yellow Sea since 2007, and been recognized as an ecological type. Compared with stationary U. prolifera, U. prolifera floating ecotype is facing more complex adversities such as high light, high temperature, high salinity, strong ultraviolet, drought among others. In this paper, we reviewed the physiological adaptation of U. prolifera floating ecotype to adversity with photoprotection, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant system and energy adjustment adaptation mechanisms, trying to provide a reference for the studies of the adaptative mechanisms of U. prolifera floating ecotype to complex adversity.
• Current situation and researchprogress of hydrocarbon pollution in the sediments of Bohai Sea

  LIU Yan

  2023, 45(3): 180-188. https://doi.org/10.13984/j.cnki.cn37-1141.2023.03.024

  Abstract ( ) PDF ( )

  Petroleum hydrocarbons are organic pollutants with complex compositions and wide sources. They are widely distributed in sediments and have a significant ecotoxicity. Through comprehensive studies on the current pollution situation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes (n-Alks) in the sediments of the Bohai Sea over the past ten years were investigated. The distribution characteristics of the TPH and PAHs were high inshore and near oil gas platforms, and were low far from the shore. It was extremely common for single-composition PAHs to have adverse ecological effects except the Laizhou Bay. The mixed combustion of fossil fuels, oil pollution and traffic pollution were three main sources of the PAHs. The spatial distribution of the n-Alks presented a decreasing trend from the estuary and inshore areas to areas far from the shore except for the Yellow River estuary. The n-Alks were mainly from the mixed sources of terrestrial and marine organisms, where oil pollution sources were widespread. The petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants in the sediments of the Bohai Sea tended to increase year by year. There were seasonal differences in the distribution and compositions of the n-Alks. This paper could help understand comprehensively the petroleum hydrocarbons in the sediments of the Bohai Sea, thus providing a theoretical basis for further research on petroleum hydrocarbons in the Bohai Sea and the governance of environmental pollution.