In order to study the basic characteristics of endangered seagrass Halophila beccarii and its habitat in Tangjia Bay, Zhuhai City, we conducted field surveys in the region in the autumns of 2018 and 2020, and preliminarily discussed the water quality environment, macrobenthos community and the growth characteristics of the seagrass. Pearson correlation method was used to analyze the growth characteristics of seagrass and its relationship with environmental factors. In the surveys, we found that the average dry weight biomass of H. beccarii in Tangjia Bay in 2018 was 14.45 ± 5.82 g/m², and the area was 3.29 hm². The average dry weight biomass of H. beccarii in Tangjia Bay in 2020 was 14.47 ± 7.67 g/m² with an area of 4.13 hm². The degree of plaque increased, and the area decreased by about 45% compared with that of 2008. The dominant species and habit density of macrobenthos in the sediments of the seagrass area have also changed significantly between 2018 and 2020; biomass declined. Through correlation analysis, we found that there was a close relationship between the growth morphology and environmental factors such as seawater soluble inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentration and salinity; and there was a significant negative correlation between leaf size and salinity, and a significant positive correlation between coverage and salinity. The leaf length and leaf width increased with the increase of DIP concentration, showing the adaptability of seagrass to the environment. Due to poor water conditions, residual oyster piles and frequent human disturbance in the area, it is necessary to include the Tangjia Bay seagrass bed in the scope of protection and management, and carry out corresponding dynamic monitoring and basic research.

In coastal protection engineering, riprap is often used to protect the levee angle and wave side of sea dikes. Due to the existence of holes between riprap, the hole effect is easy to occur under wave action, which poses a threat to its stability. In this paper, the wave pressure tests under different wave conditions were carried out to study the three factors that affected the wave cavity effect such as the length of the wave cavity, the size of the wave cavity and the exhaust condition of the wave cavity. The test results showed that the impact force of the tail completely unsealed hole was less than that of the tail completely closed hole and much less than that of the tail exhaust hole. With the increase of hole length, the impact force on the tail of holes with different length increased first and then decreased. The impact force on the tail of holes of different sizes increased first and then decreased with the increase of hole size. The sensitivity of the impact force caused by the wave cavity effect to the hole length was greater than that to the hole size and the length or size of the hole with the maximum force between wave conditions.

The seasonal variation and spatial distribution characteristics of TN, TP and Chl.a in 20 sections of the Sihe river from 2016 to 2017 were analyzed. The water nutritional status was evaluated by using the universal index formula in the form of a logarithmic power function, and the factors affecting the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, and their environmental effects were discussed. The results showed that the average mass concentration of TN, TP and Chl.a in Sihe river from 2016 to 2017 were 5.52±2.83 mg·L^-1, 0.24±0.25 mg·L^-1 and 36.56±26.98 μg·L^-1. The seasonal difference of nitrogen nutrients in water was not obvious; the seasonal variation of phosphorus nutrients was significant (p＜0.01), and the TP concentration in autumn was about twice of that in summer. The nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the Sihe river had obvious spatial distribution characteristic. The two areas with higher content were the confluence of the Jihe river, the Pushan river, and the Yihe river. Overall, the main pollutant in Sihe river was TN, which was in the state of severe eutrophication. The point source pollution of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage was the main source of the Sihe river pollution, and the non-point source pollution of livestock and poultry breeding and agriculture also made an important contribution. Based on the analysis of the annual variation data of TN and TP from 2011 to 2021, it was found that the TN concentration reached peak in 2016—2017 and then decreases gradually. The TN concentration in 2021 was about 70% lower than that in 2016. In recent years, the water quality of the Sihe river has been significantly improved through the treatment of ecological environment and the control of pollution discharge.

In this paper, the WAVEWATCH III(WW3) wave model was applied to the northwest Pacific Ocean, and the significant wave height during typhoon Lekima from August 8 to August 9, 2019 is analyzed. The applicability of the WW3 model in the Northwest Pacific was evaluated by comparing the reanalysis data and the buoy observations with the model simulation data, respectively. The results showed that the correlation coefficients between reanalysis significant wave height and significant wave height of WW3 simulation were more than 0.9, indicating high consistency. The variation trend of buoy observed significant wave height was consistent with the simulation data. It can be considered that the WW3 model under the parameters set in this paper can better reproduce the waves in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, the model had good applicability.

For the inductively coupled power transfer system used in the mooring buoy, the communication between above water and under water devices is a challenge because of the complex water environment. A novel system, which applies three-coils coupled structure to realize simultaneous power and data transfer, is proposed in this article. First, the overall system modeling was introduced including five electrically isolated circuit parts connecting by two magnetic couplers of three-coils coupled structure, and the proposed coupler structure was illustrated. Second, the power and data transfer functions were deduced for both forward and backward communication, and the performance was analyzed. Third, the feature of the three-coil coupled structure was analyzed in detail and the method to optimize and reduce the crosstalk between power and data was given. Finally, a prototype was conducted to verify the proposed system. The prototype can realize 50W power transfer and 30kb/s data transfer.

The identification of detrital minerals is an important part in the study of sediment mineralogy. Conventional identification of detrital minerals under stereoscope is a long, complex and error prone task, which must be performed by well-trained laboratory personnel. This is a tedious work, because the detrital minerals are small and lack of obvious characteristics. The fatigue of testers may lead to the reduction of work efficiency and even the wrong identification of minerals. The identification results of mineral types may be subjectively affected by testers. Computer vision and deep learning technology make it possible to identify detrital minerals intelligently. In order to improve the efficiency of detrital mineral identification and statistics, the image data set of detrital minerals under stereoscope was made, and the Yolo v3 network was trained and optimized to realize the object detection of 11 types of detrital minerals. The experiment showed that in the process of training, with the increase of training times, the loss function of the model was decreased, and finally tends was stable. The map value of the model trained with top light images and fusion images were 91.03% and 89.91% respectively, which showed that the model trained in the experiment had good object detection and recognition accuracy. Based on this, an auxiliary software for identification and statistics of detrital mineral was compiled. In the identification process of detrital mineral samples, the use of the software can reduce the workload of manual identification by 85%~90%.

The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is an important economic fish species in the coastal waters of China. In recent years, the stock of L. crocea has declined sharply due to overfishing, environmental pollution, habitat destruction among others. In order to study the genetic difference between release populations and recapture populations of L. crocea off the coast of Jiangsu Province, 198 samples were collected. Sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region revealed that the haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of cultured population were 0.873 5 ± 0.030 8 and 0.0144 ± 0.0073, respectively, which were significantly lower than the haplotype diversity (0.998 4 ± 0.001 4) and nucleotide diversity (0.022 4 ± 0.011 1) of the wild population. The genetic difference between the two recapture populations of L. crocea was small (FST=0.031), and the genetic difference between culture population and recapture population is large (FST varied between 0.094 and 0.099), which may be caused by the small number of parent fish and inbreeding. Our findings was of great significance for assessing the genetic impact of L. crocea stock enhancement, and provided theoretical basis and technical reference for the subsequent releasing work of L. crocea.

During the artificial recharge process, the irreversibility of bioclogging influences the service life of the recharge system, and the research on the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) on bioclogging has scientific significance and application value. In this study, one-dimensional column experiments were used to study the bioclogging process of aquifer under different DO levels. By analyzing the effects of DO on the permeability of the surface of sand column, the structure of microbial community, the number of bacteria and the content of extracellular polymer substances (EPS), had determined the main factors of bioclogging caused by DO in different percolation stages. The results showed that the decrease rate of permeability of porous media was positively correlated with DO content. When the relative hydraulic conductivity K' of porous media reached 0.2, the recharge time of DO content of 3, 6 and 9 mg/L was 21, 18 and 16 h, respectively. During the progress of recharge, the bacterial community structure on the surface of sand column had a significant succession, the abundance of facultative anaerobic bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacter and Bacillus) increased, the abundance of aerobic bacteria (e.g., Acinetobacter) reduced, and the bacterial community diversity was highest in the 9 mg/L DO content test. In addition, during the recharge process, the accumulation of bacterial cells was higher in groups with high DO content, but the secretion of EPS was lower in high DO content. Therefore, DO mainly accelerated the process of bioclogging by affecting the number of bacterial cells.

The nearshore hydrodynamic environment affects material transport and thus leads to changes in the seabed profile. Aquatic plants in the coastal zone can reduce wave damage to the beach by eliminating wave energy and slowing down the flow to promote siltation. Raffia grass is very resilient, smooth, watertight and extremely strong, and can be implanted on beaches as a natural material for beach erosion protection and sand fixation. In a wave flume test, raffia beds were laid on a sandy beach at a water depth of 35 cm to investigate the effects of the number of raffia beds and their sparsity on the beach profile under the action of regular waves of different wave heights. The test results showed that the sparse density and the number of tracts of raffia beds had obvious effects on the wave height reduction and flow velocity mitigation. The appropriate increase in the sparse density of raffia beds and the number of tracts could obtain better flow mitigation and wave dissipation effects.

In order to explore the zooplankton community structure and its influencing factors in the into-lake rivers of Dishui Lake, zooplankton and water quality at 12 points in 4 into-lake rivers of Dishui Lake were investigated from Dec. 2018 to Nov. 2019. A total of 79 species of zooplankton were identified in this survey, which included 48 species of rotifers, 16 species of cladocerans and 15 species of copepods. There were 11 dominant species of zooplankton, which included 8 species of rotifers and 3 species of copepods. The dominant species each season were Brachionus calyciflorus, Keratella valga, nauplii and Polyarthra trigla. There were significant seasonal and regional differences in zooplankton in the into-lake rivers of Dishui Lake. The density and biomass were high in autumn and low in winter. The zooplankton diversity decreased from Neilian River to Wailian River to Zhonglian River and finally to the lake entrance. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that chlorophyll a (Chl-a), nitrate nitrogen (NO_3-), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and permanganate index (COD Mn) were the main environmental factors affecting the temporal and spatial changes of zooplankton community structure. The evaluation of zooplankton and water physical and chemical factors revealed different results. Moderate interference increased the diversity of zooplankton community. Therefore, when investigating and evaluating the water body, it is necessary to combine zooplankton with the physical and chemical factors of the water body in order to fully understand the state of the water body.

The data of this paper were derived from continuous observation in the summer section of the Yangtze river estuary scientific investigation and experimental study (NORC2019-03-02) in July 2019. The distribution of hydrological environment elements in the sea area was analyzed and the vertical transport of dissolved oxygen over the pycnocline during the daily cycle was further estimated. It was found the distribution of hydrologic environment elements had obvious stratification structure, and the change of tidal current not only affected the distribution of hydrologic elements, but also caused the change of the position of thermocline. This paper calculated and analyzed about distribution of the buoyancy frequency square, turbulent energy dissipation rate ε and vertical turbulent diffusion coefficient K_z. using the equation of one-dimensional vertical transport of dissolved oxygen. The calculated cross-pycnocline transport of dissolved oxygen was 1.74 mmol/(m²·d). The sediment oxygen demand and plankton community respiration were introduced, proving the stratification of water was one of the main causes of low oxygen in the Yangtze estuary.

The rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatic methods has made it possible to conduct large-scale genomic sequencing of non-model organisms. However, how to obtain genomic information cost-effectively has become an important limitation for the promotion of high-throughput sequencing technologies. Given the diversity and genome size heterogeneity of marine fishes, herein the Osteichthyes Platycephalus yoshinoi and Chondrichthyes Chiloscyllium plagiosum were chosen to conduct mitochondrial genome assembling, and investigate the effect of sequencing data quantity and depth on mitochondrial genome assembling efficiency of marine fish species. High depth Illumina sequencing data of P. yoshinoi and C. plagiosum were generated and 10 sequencing data gradients each species were constructed using in silico bioinformatic approaches. Mitochondrial genome assembly was performed using NOVOPlasty software and the effectiveness and times of assembly were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the assembly time reduced significantly with the decrease of sequencing data and depth (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P < 0.01). The mitochondrial genome of P. yoshinoi was failed to assemble when sequencing data were less than 0.3 Gb (sequencing depth ~0.4x) while the assembly time of C. plagiosum increased gradually when sequencing data were less than 0.15 Gb (~0.03x). Integrating the assembly effectiveness and times, the optimal sequencing data for mitochondrial genome assembly of P. yoshinoi and C. plagiosum were determined to be 0.3 Gb and 0.5 Gb, respectively, suggesting that 0.5 Gb sequencing data is optimal for mitochondrial genome assembly of marine fish. Our results not only provided references for subsequent related studies, but also facilitated mitochondrial assembly of marine fishes in a cost-effective manner, which will widen population genetic and phylogeny studies at the genomics level. Considering the limited numbers of investigated species, further studies with increased species are warranted to verify the reliability of the optimal sequencing data in this study.

As the Yellow Sea is a semi-enclosed shallow shelf sea, oceanic input is an important source of diverse nutrients. Understanding the influence of oceanic nutrients on the changes of nutrient concentration and content in the Yellow Sea is beneficial to strengthen the conservation of fishery resources and enhance ecological management. Based on the coupled physical-biogeochemical model, in this study, we analyzed the influence of oceanic nutrient input on the nutrients of the Yellow Sea. When the oceanic nutrient input increases, the surface layer of the Yellow Sea, south of 35°N, increases significantly in autumn and winter, and the bottom layer increases mainly in the shallows of northern Jiangsu Province and the Yellow Sea trough in winter, and in the middle of the south Yellow Sea in spring, summer and autumn. The input from the Qidongzui-Jeju Island section added the largest amount of nutrients present in the Yellow Sea, and increased significantly in the middle and lower layers throughout the year while the exchange loss of nutrients present in the Jeju Strait section is the largest with a more uniform distribution of loss in winter and spring, and significant loss in the middle of the strait in summer and autumn. The nutrient present in the water column showed an increase throughout the year with the most significant increase in the inorganic nutrient present, and the average increase in the year accounts for more than 60% of the total increase in the water column. The organic state nutrients present in the water column was consistent with the inter-month variation rate of the phytoplankton present, and was higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring.

To understand the temporal and spatial changes and eutrophication level of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphate (PO^3-₄-P) in the Laizhou Bay and its adjacent waters, 4 cruises were carried out from the spring (May) 2020 to the winter (January) 2021, referring to 40 survey stations. Based on the methods of organic pollution comprehensive index and potential eutrophication evaluation, we studied the concentrations and distributions of DIN and PO^3-₄-P and thus evaluated the levels of eutrophication state and organic pollution. The results showed that the concentrations of DIN and PO^3-₄-P were basically the same between the surface and bottom in the Laizhou Bay, but showed significant seasonal changes. The concentration of DIN in summer and autumn was lower than that in spring and winter while the PO^3-₄-P had an opposite trend. NO^-₃-N contributed more than 50% of the total DIN in four seasons, which was the main existence form of DIN. The distribution of DIN in the west coast was higher than that in the east in Laizhou Bay, and the high values mainly occurred in the Yellow River and Xiaoqing River estuaries, suggesting that terrigenous input had a great influence on DIN distribution. The distribution of PO^3-₄-P was greatly affected by seasonal variation. Among four seasons, the water quality was polluted in the western and southern waters of the Laizhou Bay, and the water pollution of the Yellow River and Xiaoqing River estuaries were more serious. In the past 60 years, the concentrations of DIN and PO^3-₄-P increased initially and then decreases in Laizhou Bay. In summary, these research results provided data supports and theoretical references for the comprehensive governance of Bohai Sea and the construction of beautiful bay in Shandong Province.

Marine environmental protection and marine economic development have received extensive attention from both academic and governmental sectors. This study explored the dynamic relationship between marine environmental efficiency and marine economic growth in China from both national and marine economic circle perspectives, using SBM model and PVAR model. The results showed that: (1) There was a more obvious dynamic relationship between marine environmental efficiency and economic growth. There were obvious synergistic effects between marine environmental efficiency and economic growth in the country and southern marine economic circle, and the two promote each other; there were more obvious negative responses between marine environmental efficiency and marine economic growth in the northern and eastern marine economic circle. (2) Both marine environmental efficiency and marine economic growth were characterized by vulnerability and were influenced by their own factors and external shocks. (3) Since the efficiency of China's marine environment was still at a low to medium level, the driving effect on the marine economy was not very obvious, so it is necessary to further promote the practice of marine environmental protection to realize the sustainable development of marine environment and marine economy. The relevant findings of this study can provide reference for marine environmental protection and high-quality development of marine economy.

Through the research, the resource distribution of Sargassum in the survey area was obtained, which also provided a basis for the calculation of seagrass coverage and ecological monitoring in the survey area. High definition aerial image of Sargasso distribution was obtained by using UAV aerial survey technology in the coastal area of Dongjiao coconut forest of Wenchang City, Hainan Province, at lowest tide of spring tide. It was shown that there was the dense distribution area of Sargasso in the southeast of the survey area, which was richer in coral reefs and rock reefs, and the dense distribution area of seagrass in shallow water, which was mixed with a small amount of Sargasso distribution. The Sargassum distribution was studied by using the Arcgis software supervised classification tool maximum likelihood classification method and the 3D analysis tool isoline tool. It was concluded that there were about 2,924 Sargassum species in the study area with an area of 755.6 m² and a coverage of 0.5%. According to the field investigation, three species of Sargassum were found, namely Sargassum euryphyllum, S. polycystum and S. duplicatum, with an average plant height of about 30 cm and floating growth alone.

As one of the most severe weather events affecting the marine environment (including estuaries and bays), typhoon significantly affects the migration, transformation, exchange and transportation of substances in bays and biological and marine chemical processes. Based on the influence of typhoon Meihua in August, 2022, this paper studied the changes of heavy metals (copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg)) in seawater, seabed sediments and organisms in Jiaozhou Bay, and expounded the transport characteristics and effects of typhoon on heavy metals in the bay. The comparative results were as follows: after the typhoon, the concentrations of most heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr and As) in water showed an increasing trend, among which the concentration of Cr increased significantly (p<0.05), and its average concentration was 9.2 times higher than that before the typhoon. However most of the heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Hg, Cr and As) in the sediments decreased after the typhoon, which may be related to the disturbance of the typhoon promoting the resuspension and redistribution of the surface sediments. In addition, the typhoon process not only promoted the increase of catch, but also promoted the enrichment of heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Cd) in fish (taking hairtail as an example) and crustaceans (taking dried shrimps as an example).

In order to prevent and control the risk of species invasion brought by ballast water, it is increasingly important to effectively and quickly identify the biological density in ballast water. The IMO circular indicates that indicative analysis can be used for rapid detection of ballast water, but the type of compliance monitoring devices (CMDs) has not been specified. Internationally, a unified scheme for evaluating CMDs has not yet been formed, so it is urgent to verify the practical application feasibility of existing CMDs. This paper discusses the application feasibility of three compliance monitoring devices with different principles at home and abroad, FDA(CHN), PAM(U.K) and PAM(CHN), in the commissioning test of ballast water management system (BWMS). The results show that the identification and detection accuracy of the three devices is low in the detection of inflow water. But PAM(U.K) and PAM(CHN) have high accuracy for the detection of effluent water after filtering-ultraviolet and filtration-electrolysis-neutralization processes, so they can be used as auxiliary tools for commissioning test. The detection stability of FDA (CHN) still needs to be improved. This study provides a data basis for the upgrading and improvement of compliance monitoring devices, and also provides a basis for the scientific selection of devices for port state supervision and inspection.

As fisheries conservation and management turning common and regulated, researchers are focusing on bycatch studies and management. Blue shark (Prionace glauca) is a pelagic highly migrated species, which is also a significant bycatch species in tuna longline fishery. Catch data of North Pacific blue shark (P. glauca) from International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific (ISC) was used and a suitable operating model was built to represent fisheries and stock dynamics. MSEtool was used in R to quantitate management procedures and make trade-offs to select the best management procedures. Abundance index data of Japan, Hawaii, Mexico and the Pacific Community (SPC) were fitted to the model to provide total allowable catch (TAC) recommendations. Then sensitivity analysis was conducted to test robustness of the model. Our results will provide China scientific support and technical security in attending global fisheries management campaigns.

The northwestern Pacific is the main area of material and energy exchange between the equatorial Pacific and the subtropical Pacific. The interaction between the sea and the atmosphere is strong, and it plays a vital role in global climate change. The mesoscale vortex, which is common in all oceans, is also very active in this area. The vortex movement has an important contribution to the flow of the East China Sea Kuroshio, which in turn can affect the ecological environment of our country's coastal waters. The mesoscale eddies in the northwestern Pacific have attracted the attention of oceanographers at home and abroad. In recent years, with the wide application of satellite altimeter data and Argo buoy profile data, the research on mesoscale eddies in this region has become more and more active. This paper systematically summarized the research progress of mesoscale eddy detection and identification methods, characteristic statistics, internal structure, evolution mechanism and its impact on the marine ecological environment, etc., and preliminarily discussed the future development trend of mesoscale eddy research in this sea area, which can provide a reference for in-depth related research.

The contradiction between economic and ecological coordination in the coastal waters in the Yangtze river delta, including two provinces and one city, is becoming more and more obvious, and seriously restricts the social and economic development of the delta. This paper used the theory of collaborative governance to discuss the problems of inter provincial government, local government functional departments and information technology collaboration. The problems in the pollution control of the coastal waters of the delta were: the poor coordination between provincial governments, the decentralization of the division of responsibilities of the vertical departments within the government and the "isolated island of information technology". It was proposed to promote the collaborative governance from three aspects: constructing the horizontal exchange and cooperation mechanism, perfecting the coordination mechanism between the functional departments within the government and promoting the ability of marine information and data governance.

The high seas boarding and inspection regime is an important development of the international law of the sea and an important means for regional fisheries management organizations to promote the compliance and implementation of regional conservation and management measures by high seas fishing vessels. In reviewing the research progresses in the high seas boarding and inspection regime by regional fishery management organizations, we have found that the research topics of domestic and foreign scholars are highly consistent, mainly focusing on the problems and countermeasures of the high sea boarding and inspection by regional fisheries management organizations. With the development of Chinese distant water fishery and enrichment of the boarding and inspection practice, domestic scholars have conducted the research with Chinese characteristics, focusing on the problems and suggestions for boarding and inspection in high seas directing at Chinese fishing vessels and conducted by Chinese law enforcement vessels. With the review of the former research, it has been predicted that the legal system, implementation procedure and the practice of the high sea boarding and inspection are supposed to be the main research focuses in China.

Marine ecological civilization, as a part of the construction of ecological civilization, is an important component of Xi Jinping's view of ecological civilization. The construction of marine ecological civilization provides basic resources and environmental protection for the sustainable and healthy socio-economic development of Shandong Province. There is still a lack of research related to the evaluation of marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong Province, and the assessment examples rarely consider the relationship and coupling between marine ecological development and economic and social fields. Therefore, based on the connotation and characteristics of marine ecological civilization, in this paper, we drew on the experience of constructing ecological civilization evaluation index system and combined with the situation of Shandong Province to establish a marine ecological civilization construction evaluation index system covering three systems of marine ecological development. In addition, a total of 25 specific indicators of marine ecological development, marine economic development, and marine social development were established. Then, we used the entropy method to process the relevant data of Shandong Province from 2008 to 2018 to quantitatively evaluate the marine ecological civilization construction of Shandong Province. Furthermore, based on quantitative evaluation and qualitative analysis of the main results and existing problems of marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong Province, we proposed countermeasures to improve the level of marine ecological civilization construction in Shandong Province, such as strengthening the protection and restoration of marine habitats, promoting the transformation and upgrading of traditional marine industries, strengthening marine science and technology innovation, creating a variety of marine cultural brands, and improving relevant marine systems.

The activity of capturing carbon through marine activities and marine organisms is called blue carbon. Macroalgae can convert inorganic carbon into organic carbon in seawater through photosynthesis and realize CO₂ fixation. During the growth process, macroalgae continuously release dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) into seawater. The contribution amount of macroalgae in blue carbon can be evaluated through carbon accounting, that is, estimating the carbon sequestration and storage of macroalgae. The carbon sequestration is the sum of the carbon content of macroalgae, DOC and POC. The carbon storage is the sum of the buried carbon and inert organic carbon. In order to provide supports for future research, in this paper, we reviewed the marine carbonate system, photosynthesis and fate of organic carbon, carbon accounting, and the challenges faced by macroalgae blue carbon.

The calculation of marine resource assets and marine ecological product values is important for the management, and protection and utilization of marine resources. In this study, the connotation, key elements and calculating logic of these two values were clarified in detail. The clarified included also their difference. The calculation of marine resource asset and marine ecological product values is consistent in the characteristics of the results and the basic logic; however, there are obvious differences in calculation purpose, scale, content and methodology. We proposed to (1) develop the balance sheet system to dynamically track and analyze the changes of resource assets or ecological products; (2) to improve the ecological and social value calculation researches of marine resources assets by referring to the calculation methodology of ecological products; and (3) to carry out the researches on the conversion rate of the value of ecological products, evaluating effectively the status of the value of ecological products, and deciphering the mechanism underlining the realization of such value.

As one of the earliest countries in Europe making an effort to develop offshore wind power, the development experience of the Netherlands offers significant object lessons for China. By systematically reviewing the current status of offshore wind power development in China and the Netherlands, and comparing two countries' policies in five key areas, regulatory frameworks, subsidies and bidding policies, far-reaching offshore layout, offshore wind power and photo-voltage, and offshore hydrogen production, we identified the current bottlenecks of the development of China, and provided the recommendations inspired by the Dutch experience. These recommendations included clarification of institutional responsibilities, concentration on core technological breakthroughs to reduce costs and increase efficiency, innovation subsidy and bidding policies, and promotion of comprehensive development of marine resources. We aimed to offer valuable insights into the sustainable development of the offshore wind power industry of China during the 15^th five-year plan period.